The James Webb Space Telescope, launched on June, is one of the biggest achievements in astronomy since Hubble. Its new capabilities will improve on its predecessor by allowing it to detect the light emitted by distant galaxies and to analyze their darmowe porno properties. The telescope is made up of a mirror array made of silicon and Kapton foil, which shades it from the sun and the reflected heat of Earth and moon. As distant galaxies are viewed through the telescope, light will concentrate on the main mirror and focus on the secondary mirror. The concentrated light then streams to the instrument module, which consists of eighteen hexagonal gold-covered beryllium mirrors. The telescope will be able to see ancient light emitted about thirteen billion years ago when the embryonic universe was still learning

High infrared sensitivity

The telescope is being constructed in Greenbelt, Maryland, and features low-rise white buildings, mild hills, and large parking lots. The telescope’s components were assembled here. Some components are being made in Canada, Europe, and elsewhere. The telescope’s primary mirror is beryllium.

Astronomers are already using Hubble to observe other planets, and the Webb telescope will be able to detect the gasses produced by these bodies. By observing these planets, astronomers may be able to describe their atmospheres, and look for free oxygen and other gasses. These gases could be signs of life. NASA is expecting to receive results from several different missions using the James Webb Space Telescope.

The telescope will be more powerful than Hubble.

Its curved mirror will be 100 times bigger than Hubble’s, which will allow it to see more distant objects. The Webb’s cameras will also allow researchers to time-travel, allowing them to study the earliest galaxies after the Big Bang. This is a significant step forward for the human race and for the scientific community.

The launch date of the telescope is set for December 25, 2021 at 07:20am EST, on a European Ariane 5 rocket. Its expected lifetime is about five and a half years, but it could be as long as ten years. The telescope’s mission life depends on how much fuel it needs to maintain its orbit, as well as the possibility that its components will degrade over time.

Hubble was launched in 1990, and it is still going strong, but the Webb is destined to surpass it in several ways. It will allow astronomers to look farther into space and time and will be able to search for the first stars in the universe. Enabling scientists to search for signs of life on exoplanets. An incredible machine for answering unanswered questions about the universe and will expand the boundaries of human space exploration.

Spectacular resolution

The Webb telescope is due to launch in 2021 and will be located about 1.5 million kilometers from Earth. This distance is known as the second Lagrange point, which was discovered by Josephy-Louis Lagrange in the late 1700s. Because Webb is located so far away from infrared sources, it won’t need a telescope tube. Instead, it will use a thin film of aluminum to prevent the telescope from getting too hot or too cold.

Researchers will use a range of instruments on the JWST to study these faraway worlds. The instruments will have distinct measurements, and the team will compare those measurements with Hubble observations. The team is preparing to look for the signatures of gases in the atmospheres of the planets. This is a crucial step in the quest to discover life beyond Earth. The JWST will also be used to study extreme systems like the planet HD 80606b, which has an orbit similar to a comet.

A two piece show

The JWST is set to launch in October 2021, and will complement the Hentai Space Telescope, which has been in continuous use since 1990. The telescope’s advanced technology will enable scientists to study both far-off galaxies and closer targets like Jupiter and Mars. Its state-of-the-art photon detectors and wider wavelengths will allow researchers to see objects that are 13 billion light-years away. The telescope will also make it possible to observe objects that were created a few hundred million years before the Big Bang, which took place.

The telescope’s curved mirror will be 100 times larger than Hubble’s, allowing it to produce detailed images. The telescope’s design features a three-mirror anastigmat, with a curved tertiary mirror. The secondary mirror is 0.74 m in diameter and can be adjusted many times per second. The telescope uses three different variations of prescription for the mirrors.

The cameras on the new telescope will allow us to look into the past, as well as the universe in general. By using the cameras to look back in time, the Webb will enable researchers to observe the solar system and even other galaxies in our galaxy and beyond. They will also be able to study other planets in our solar system. With these discoveries, we will have a better understanding of the universe as we know it.

Asteroids and comets

If the mission is successful, NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) will completely change the way we view our solar system. The telescope will be located in orbit around the sun near L2, or Lagrange point two, about one million miles from Earth. That distance is far beyond the capability of current telescopes and would be very expensive and risky for astronauts to traverse.

Hubble’s primary function was to observe distant galaxies, but the Webb telescope is much more powerful. Its curved mirror will allow scientists to better observe faraway objects. Researchers will also be able to study the atmospheres of other distant planets with the Webb. A few of the astronomers hope to find molecules of extraterrestrial life on distant planets.

The JWST will improve upon the work of the Hubble telescope in a number of ways. First, the observatory will cover longer wavelengths of light than Hubble did. This means it will be able to peer inside the dust clouds where stars and planetary systems form today. By observing these dust clouds, the telescope will be able to reveal more about the evolution of our solar system.

NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope is set to launch in October 2021. The mission’s purpose is to complement the Hubble Space Telescope, which has been in constant use since 1990. The telescope will be capable of studying everything from distant galaxies and stars to much closer targets such as Jupiter and Mars. Its mission is to operate the telescope in cooperation with the Space Telescope Science Institute.

Hubble’s deep field

This stunning image of the Ursa Major constellation was created with the help of the Hubble XXX Space Telescope. It’s the result of a series of observations of the constellation. The image is called the Hubble Deep Field. The Hubble Space Telescope collects a series of images, known as frames, from which it constructs images. Its impressive clarity makes it a popular image for educational purposes. The image is an excellent example of how the Hubble Space Telescope can help us understand the universe.

This image is a compilation of 342 different exposures taken by Hubble between December 18 and 28, 1995. It revealed the presence of numerous ancient galaxies that existed 13 billion years ago. A follow-up image of the Hubble Deep Field was released in the early 2000s, which confirmed the results of the first Hubble imaging. This image has already been compared with images from the Hubble Ultra-Deep Field.

The Deep Field image was created using data from two instruments on the Hubble space telescope.

The Hubble Advanced Camera for Surveys and the Near Infrared Camera and Multi-Object Spectrometer are sensitive enough to detect redshifted light. These images can reveal objects that are beyond Hubble’s visibility. This image can also be used to explore the early stages of the universe’s evolution. For instance, this image shows a cluster of galaxies near Earth.

The Hubble Ultra Deep Field represents the deepest visible portrait of the universe. The images reveal the earliest galaxies, which emerged from the “dark ages” of the universe shortly after the big bang. These images are also valuable for understanding our own galaxy, the Milky Way. So, what’s Hubble’s Deep Field really mean? Let’s take a closer look. There is an immense number of galaxies and galaxy clusters out there, and you’ll never know how close any is to another.

A deep field image can be quite challenging. You need to make sure that the area you’re observing does not contain bright sources of visible light. This includes galaxies located in the farthest part of the Milky Way. This means that you need to find an empty piece of sky that’s far from the Milky Way plane. Then, take a snapshot of that area using Hubble’s Deep Field images.

Just south of Little Epidaurus, restoration work began last year on Sparta’s ancient 17,000-seat theatre. The magnificent 20,000-seat old Argonaut Theatre is the largest of the three theatres still in use.

For nearly two thousand years, the Little Theatre of Epidaurus has been underground. The small theatre of Epidaurus attests to the country’s rich archaeological resources and is one of six ancient arenas in Argolis in the eastern Peloponnese. Likewise, the small theatre of Epidavros testifies to the rich archaeological resources of greek porn and is one of six ancient arenas in Argolis in the eastern Peloponnese.

This ancient theater located in Epidaurus, the eastern part of the Peloponnese in southern Greece, saw it’s first designs by the architect Polykleitos the Younger. It was also the dome of the sanctuary of Asclepius, on the western side of Mount Kynortion, near Ligourio. It is a place that can currently be visited, next to a theater and a small museum, and should not be confused with the ancient city of Epidaurus, located about 10 km east of the sanctuary, in today’s Archaea Epidaurus.

Dug into the rock of the foothills overlooking the modern city.

Evidence from several phases of construction dating back to the mid-4th century BC further illuminated the ancient city of Epidavros, which once surrounded an architectural gem. . His fame has traveled the world since the 4th century BC. However, among all the theaters that have proven themselves in history, the ancient theater of Epidaurus has always occupied the highest place among them.

Like the public rehearsals and performances that Greek drama so often resembles and which it shaped, ancient Greek theater had no choice but to face the enormity of the space in which it was played. Unlike modern realistic comedies, which mostly require closed and intimate theatrical spaces with controlled lighting, ancient drama had more of the atmosphere we associate with large-scale sporting events. In the beginning, theatrical performances were conceived as sacred reenactments of ancient stories played out during annual festivals.

The first modern theater performance was Elektra xvideos, a famous ancient tragedy written by Sophocles in 1838. The importance of theatrical performances’ creation, presentation, and popularity in ancient Greece cannot be underestimated, especially since they are considered one of the pillars of Athenian democracy built in the 5th century BC. What is clear is that among the ancient Athenians, interest in the theater as an art form grew rapidly from the end of the preclassical era. It laid the foundations for theater as a critical element of ancient Western civilization and the Greek language as a “common” language.

A long lasting cultural inheritance

However, essential clues to understanding the nature of theater in prehistoric times appear by examining the many models of drama and ritual that exist in the modern world. Worshiping nature The most common theory about the origins of theater is that it developed from rituals designed to symbolically represent natural phenomena, thereby bringing them closer to the human scale and making the unknown more accessible. Unfortunately, the lack of documentary evidence makes it difficult to pinpoint precisely how theater came into existence, although it is believed to have originated from religious rituals.

It was the theater of the ancient city-state, which also held religious and political holidays in addition to theatrical performances.

Built at the end of the 4th century, it originally had only 34 xxx rows of seats. It came into full use when it expanded in the middle of the 2nd century AD, with a maximum capacity of 14,000 spectators for theatre, music, songs, and games. The primary and primitive theatrical space in ancient Athens and the home of the Dionysian city was the Theater of Dionysus. As for the beautiful symmetry and architectural acoustics, it is considered the perfect ancient Greek theater. After numerous excavations and restoration work in recent decades, the Little Theater of Epidaurus will host an annual Greek festival celebrated in summer with music, dance, and theatrical performances.

Reconstruction will keep us close to culture and ancient times

In Larissa, the reconstruction of the largest ancient amphitheater in central Greece is nearing completion. Further north, in Epirus, one of the poorest regions in Europe, plans are being drawn to make five ancient Greek theaters the centerpiece of a 214-mile cultural journey spanning 2,500 years.

The theater here is part of a larger “sanctuary”: Epidavros was a luxurious resort for people in need of care, with temples, baths, and a wonderful theater. The Sanctuary of Asclepius in Epidaurus and its ancient theater “Asklepion” or the Sanctuary of Asclepius in Epidaurus is best known for its 2350-year-old theater renowned for its impressive acoustics, impressive 12,000 seat capacity, and classic theatrical performances. Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides, and Aristophanes, dating from the 5th and early 4th centuries BC.

Scientists have discovered two pairs of black holes in the outermost regions of two of the most distant galaxies in our solar system, far away from our own Milky Way.

One of the conclusions that astronomers have drawn from studying these distant galaxies is that collisions and mergers of entire galaxies play a critical role in how galaxies get the shapes and sizes we see today. Astronomers have discovered 26 new, likely black holes in neighbouring Andromeda galaxies, the most ever found in a galaxy other than our own, bringing the total known to 35.

The pairs of black holes, also known as binary constellations, are much larger than most any filmy porno video out there. Giving astronomers new insights into how these giants, their host galaxies merge and how important they are for understanding the evolution of the universe.

The discovery could explain why the universe looks like it does and why it is different from our own Milky Way. Using gravitational waves, astronomers have found the first direct evidence of a quasar pair at the centre of one of the most massive galaxies in the universe to date. Astronomers obtained this view by peering through the thick walls of gas and dust surrounding this merging galaxy’s chaotic core. The quasars are unique to their kind as they have been found so far at such a distance and offer a rare insight into the inner workings of such a massive, supermassive black hole.

A merge for the ages

When the two galaxies begin to interact with each other and pull material from each other, they trigger a galactic scramble that fuels and feeds the supermassive youporn black hole at the galaxy’s core, igniting it as a quasar. This galactic wrangling fuels the supermassive black hole at its centre, which ignites its quasars. We have found the first evidence that these “quasar pairs” merge to form new giant black holes.

Since galaxies evolve through merger and collision, collisions between galaxies will lead to supermassive pairs of black holes. The pair’s host galaxy will eventually merge. The quasars will combine, leading to a new galaxy with much larger and more massive black holes.

Astronomers will be able to look into these merging galaxies’ depths and see for themselves what gravitational forces are at work in collisions with the black holes. Even if they are destined for collision, the gravitational waves emanating from the supermassive pairs of black holes discovered in the background of the Milky Way and other galaxies will dwarf the gravitational waves emitted by the supermassive pairs. Even if the final Parsec problem proves to be no problem, astronomers can still expect the universe to fill up with this merger process. Detecting this gravitational-wave background would help answer questions about how often galaxies merge, if they merge at all, or whether they get stuck in an almost endless waltz.

A scary merge

The merging galaxies should contain a pair of active cores, suggesting that they are growing together from a single supermassive black hole rather than multiple black holes. This would indicate that the Milky Way has merged with a possibly smaller galaxy sometime in the past. It would suggest that it has combined with another, maybe smaller, galaxy in the past. The merging galaxy should also contain both pairs of the active nucleus. The merger of two black hole pairs at the centre of the galaxy shows, rather than just one or two. This would indicate or suggest, it may have been merited with a possibly small galaxy during a time in the past when it was merged with a perhaps more giant galaxy.

These types of mergers are likely responsible for most of the most giant galaxies we see in the near universe, including our own Milky Way. This is a process that astronomers believe was common during the earliest universe when galaxies often merged.

While collisions of supermassive black holes are expected in the cosmos, large galaxies can merge smaller galaxies. One example is the nearby merging galaxies, which has a pair of black holes in their centre. As galaxies evolve to merge and collide with each other, collisions between galaxies are likely to lead to supermassive pairs of black holes, just as they do in our own galaxy, similar difficulties can be found when browsing yespornplease videos. When galaxies have merged and collided with another galaxy, the collision between them will most likely result in a supermassive black hole pair similar to the Milky Way and other galaxies merger.

More doubts not many answers

The two supermassive black holes are fascinating because they are located in a galaxy with a redshift of z = 1.5, which corresponds to our own Milky Way. Both galaxies have merged, and at their centre, there is a supermassive black hole. Both will eventually smash and merge into a more giant black hole. Previous estimates were based on the fact that galaxies with redshifts of Z = 1.5 merges but had no data on how often they merge or how often they do so per year. The central black hole sank in the middle of the fusion phase and corresponded to LIGO observations.

This comparison confirms that the researchers found the luminous core when counting dusty interacting galaxies is a rapidly growing black hole pair heading for a collision. This comparison demonstrated that it is indeed a fast merger of supermassive black holes in a galaxy with a redshift of Z = 1.5 or higher.

When the two galaxies start interacting with each other and pulling material from each other, the black holes shoot up in the centre of their respective galaxies. By discovering the core of the merging galaxy, we can study how the galaxy is formed by this black hole, says co-author Dr Michael O’Brien, professor of astronomy and astrophysics at the University of California, Berkeley.

The gravitational waves discovered in the background would help answer questions about how often galaxies merge, whether supermassive pairs of black holes merge at all, or whether they merge and get stuck in an almost endless waltz.

Two titans being observed

The new study also provides insight into what happens when the Milky Way collides with the Andromeda galaxy. The computer simulation shows how the “Milky Way” leaves Andromeda Lobstertube and merges into a single galaxy some 6 billion years later. Both galaxies will fight each other in the early universe before merging into individual galaxies about 5.5 to 7.2 billion years later.

As the galaxies merge, astronomers suspect they will form new structures known as elliptical galaxies. Such galaxies were formed when two or more spirals from the Milky Way merged into a single galaxy.

Astronomers believe these bright young galaxies result from radiation ionising neutral hydrogen gas in the early universe. They think it is because the Milky Way devoured ancient galaxies in its long, hungry history. After all, grand designs of spiral galaxies are standard in our cosmic neighbourhood. Andromeda is just one of a group of galaxies known as the Local Group. The Milky Way and Andromeda belong to the galaxies group, a collection of about 1.5 million galaxies. Still, Andromeda is the only one with an elliptical shape and not a spiral.

When galaxies collide, the supermassive black holes in the central contract eventually find their way into the centre of the newly created galaxy where they are ultimately pulled together. The team is currently looking for other galaxies in the Local Group, such as the one that contains the newly discovered supermassive black hole.

Observations of both the core and the merging galaxies show that they orbit within a few parsectors of each other, which is about 3.26 light-years. When two or more have been merged, they interact with a third supermassive black hole or merge in a double state.

The two titans were discovered using the Hubble Space Telescope. Still, the team turned to the galaxy’s merger with X-ray data.

Far from being due to chance, the shapes of the universe are underpinned by geometric frames. We see their presence from atoms to clusters of galaxies, including plants, animals, the energy circuits of the Earth, and even the human body.

As we focus our attention on the plants and animals around us, we find that nature takes on a wide variety of shapes, which are usually rounded and rather irregular. Nothing seems to be geometric there. Yet, geometric structures underlie most of the natural forms.

The unavoidable presence of polyhedra and spirals in nature

It is this aspect that we recognize in crystals. When we observe calcite or quartz concretions, we find that they are delimited by regular plane facets. These facets intersect at sharp angles whose values ​​are not arbitrary but determined by symmetries. The plane facets determine cubes, prisms, or other more complex volumes with plane faces called polyhedron. Such regular crystalline geometries are also found in many other minerals and in ice crystals.

Thanks to the discovery of X-rays in 1895 and to the discovery of the phenomenon of their diffraction by crystalline substances in 1912, scientists were able to determine that crystals were made up of a periodic and regular stack of elementary patterns composed of a few atoms. This pattern called mesh has the shape of a polyhedron, cubic, prismatic or parallelepiped. We have been able to count 14 different models of polyhedra compatible with regular stacking.

Although it seems less apparent, polyhedral forms are also found in animals and plants. These include the shells of turtles or crustaceans, the cuticles or eyes of certain insects. As for the flowers, many are those which bloom in a beautiful regular star. The stars are themselves polygons whose angles are re-entrant.

In plants and animals, close observation reveals to us that there are many geometric shapes other than polyhedra.

Curved shapes are a second type of geometry abundant in nature. The spirals are the most remarkable representatives. We have examples of it in snail shells or ram’s horns.

In plants, their elements (leaves, flowers, thorns, scales) are staggered along the stem in an elaborate construction during growth. This construction is presented in two different modes. In one, the elements are arranged in groups of two facing each other. In the other, they are born one after the other and are placed in spirals all around the stem.

In the case of the spiral, the elements are placed with respect to each other at an angle whose value is 137.5 °. However, this value is the one which shares the circumference 360 ​​° according to the golden number 1.618.

For example, in a sunflower flower, the arrangement of the florets reveals many spirals. We can count 21 in one direction and 34 in the other, or 34 and 55, or 55/89 or 89/144. In a pineapple, you can find 8 rows of florets in one direction and 13 in the other. In the pinecone, 8 rows of scales in one direction and 13 in the other or 2 and 3, or 3/5, 5/8 or 8/13. In the daisy 21/34 and in the celery, 1/2. But all these numbers are exactly part of the sequence studied by the Italian mathematician Leonardo Fibonacci (around 1175 – around 1250): 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89. The golden ratio is reflected in the ratio of two of these consecutive numbers.

Geometry in nature: fractals that follows patterns and are hazardous at the same time

Tree-like structures, such as that of a tree, made of large branches which branch into smaller ones, which themselves branch into twigs, etc. can be described as fractal structures. It is a third type of geometry which does not resemble polyhedra or spirals.

Fractals are 2 or 3 dimensional synthetic images comprising sets of points, lines, or surfaces obtained by repeating a graphic or mathematical construction process. Each repetition step is associated with a reduction (or increase) in scale which gives the images obtained a fragmented, branched or porous appearance, which is identical whatever the scale of observation.

Underlying fractal structures are natural formations of irregular appearance. They are found in river systems, in the jagged form of mountains and in cloud formations. We discover it in the fragmented, cut, porous, filamentous material. The proof that a fractal structure is underlying these formations is that it is possible to simulate them graphically realistically by synthetic fractal images. This is for example the case with ferns, mountains, clouds and many other materials and landscapes.

We have shown that geometries, polygons or polyhedra, spirals and fractals, constitute an underlying framework of the forms of nature. In order to give a more realistic image, it is necessary to specify that this frame is not rigid. Plastic and alive, the geometry can undergo adaptations in relation to its ideal perfectly symmetrical shape. We can imagine this character by considering a tent which takes on wobbly aspects if it is installed on uneven ground. This does not take away from its manufacturing design with perfectly symmetrical and adjusted frames. Even if installed askew, its original perfect geometry is still evident in its apparent form.

Why do bees build hexagonal honeycombs? Well, they don't, they build irregular polyhedra which are hexagonal at one end. So, does this polyhedron minimise surface area & wax expenditure? No, it was proven in 1964 that it's suboptimal: https://t.co/26Pp5P1kwo @DoctorKarl pic.twitter.com/XUD7eFlnhS

— Gordon McCabe (@DrGordonMcCabe) November 4, 2020

Exploring the Universe with numbers: basic mathematical considerations to analyze the sideral space

Let us leave Earth and now elevate into sidereal space. The generally accepted representation is that of a universe expanding since the initial phase of the Big Bang. This could lead us to imagine that the stars are randomly dotted evenly throughout the cosmos, like pebbles in a field. However, it is not the case. Are we going to find geometric patterns there?

The billions of billions of billions of stars that inhabit the cosmos tend to agglomerate in clusters of tens or hundreds of billions of stars: galaxies. Between the galaxies, there are relatively empty spaces of stars. The first galaxy discovered was the one in which we are located, the Milky Way. Indeed, until the beginning of the 20th century, the Milky Way seemed to be the limit of our entire universe. It was only after the development of telescopes and spectroscopes that it was possible to estimate the distances which separate the Earth from visible stars. We could roughly estimate the diameter of the Milky Way.

In astronomy, distances are expressed in light years. A light year is the distance traveled by light in a year in empty space, at a speed of 300,000 km/s, or approximately 10,000 billion kilometers (300,000x60x60x24x365.25). It is therefore a unit of distance, not that of a duration. Astronomers also use parsec and its multiples. The parsec is a distance related to an angle of one arc second and is equal to 3.26 light years.

 

The Milky Way is shaped like a thin disc swelling at its center.

Its radius is estimated at 45,000 light years. The solar system is outward, 26,000 light years from the center, or about 2/3 of the radius.

In 1923, Edwin Hubble (American astronomer, 1889 – 1953) discovered that the Andromeda Nebula is located outside the Milky Way, because he estimated its distance to 900,000 light years. However, it was recognized as being a galaxy itself. This is the beginning of the understanding that there are many galaxies outside of the Milky Way. To date, the number of cataloged galaxies is disproportionate.

Some galaxies have not a specific shape, but most take on geometric shapes. A small number are elliptical, others lenticular. Most galaxies are remarkably spiraling. Subsequently, astronomers realized that galaxies were not evenly distributed in the cosmos, nor were the stars within them. They are grouped into clusters.

Thus, next to the Milky Way, we find the Andromeda galaxy, the Magellanic clouds and about fifteen dwarf galaxies. This set is called the local group. Its size is 13 million light years (13 Mal), approximately 130 times the size of the Milky Way. Galaxies are assembled into groups, and groups are assembled into clusters that encompass both groups of galaxies and isolated galaxies. With an average size of 60 Mal, clusters are approximately 5 times larger than groups.

But that is not all.

If we go higher in the scale of distances, we see that the clusters are not evenly distributed. Here they are grouped in super-clusters. A super-cluster includes about 5 or 6 clusters, and has an average size of about 260 Mal, which is 4 times larger than a cluster. For example, the local cluster containing the Milky Way is included in the Virgo supercluster, also called the local supercluster. It was discovered by the Franco-American astronomer Gérard de Vaucouleurs in 1960.

At this stage of our exploration, we have recognized 3 hierarchical levels of galaxy agglomeration (group, clusters and superclusters). Do you believe that this cosmic architecture stops at this scale? It is not, and the most amazing thing is yet to come.

This is because superclusters tend to cluster together in large, long, thin filaments, or pancake-like sheets. These sheets and filaments delimit large empty spaces, as if they were placed on the surface of empty soap bubbles. Cosmic void bubbles occupy a prominent place. They are estimated to be 650 Mal in size, but some filaments can be much longer. As for the vacuum, it is not empty, but populated by isolated galaxies and a tenuous gas.

With these bubbles, the cosmos takes on the appearance of a cellular structure. Cells (bubbles) are like cavities in a sponge, with galleries that connect the cavities. Therefore, we speak of the sponge structure of the universe. The cellular geometry of the universe was discovered in the 1990s (Broadhurst, Tully, Einasto) and surprised astronomers, because no model from the standard Big Bang theory could explain it.

Interstellar geometry: what polyhedral, spirals and fractals can tell us about the Universe

If we dare to better define the shape of cells in our near universe, we discover that the bubbles are not round. They have the specific form of polyhedra. This is the observation made in 1997 by a team of Spanish astronomers including E. Battaner and E. Florido. From maps incorporating the most recent data provided by satellites, these astronomers determined that super-clusters and intergalactic filaments occupied the vertices and edges of 4 octahedra that touched at the tip.

This structure cannot be explained within the framework of the usual models based only on the forces of gravity. On the other hand, if we add the magnetic fields to them, the calculations show that it is possible. But then, as these fields fill all the space, it is not only our near universe which would have this structure, but the whole universe. The universe would appear to be a stack of octahedral cells like an egg carton.

At the same time, from the same catalogs of galaxies, other astronomers analyzed the density of galaxies, clusters and super-clusters and they discovered that this density was distributed in a fractal structure. (eg Coleman and Pietronero 1992, Lindner et al. 1996).

A structure is detected to be fractal by measuring its density in volumes varying over large scales.

For a homogeneous substance such as water, the mass contained in a cubic container increases as the size of the container to the power of 3. For example, if you fill a cube with sides 10 cm, you have one liter. If you fill a cube with a side of 20 cm, you have 8 liters (2x2x2 or 2 to the power of 3). It is different when the structure is fractal. Its density grows less quickly than the power of 3, according to a proportion whose power is between 1 and 3, and which is called its fractal dimension (see article Fractal images). The fractal dimension of the universe was evaluated at 2 by Coleman.

Battaner (1998) considers that this fractal character is completely compatible with the structure of cells in octahedra. It suffices to fragment each octahedron into smaller octahedra. For example, in an octahedron, there can be lodged 7 octahedra 3 times smaller which touch only at the tip. Mastering this method to analyze our Universe could lead us to a better comprehension of it and, therefore, help us to reach new frontiers.

Happy #DarkMatterDay 👻#Didyouknow that only ~ 5% of the #Universe is made of ordinary matter, like the one stars, planets & people are made of? 😱
We are looking forward to investigate the rest with our future #Euclid mission #darkmatter #darkenergy
👉 https://t.co/VtIywillwI pic.twitter.com/OwtPjjiys6

— ESA Science (@esascience) October 31, 2019